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Electric motorcycles and scooters
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This article's introduction section may not adequately summarize its contents. To comply with Wikipedia's lead section guidelines, please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article's key points. (May 2010)
Electric motorcycle of Zero Motorcycles
Detail: Electric motor and Lithium-Ion battery Z-Force
E-max electric scooter

Electric motorcycles and scooters are vehicles with two or three wheels that use electric motors to attain locomotion.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 History
* 2 Power source
* 3 Advantages and disadvantages
* 4 Types
o 4.1 Various types of scooters
o 4.2 Electric motorcycle or electric bicycle
o 4.3 3-wheeled motorcycles
o 4.4 Self-balancing unicycle
* 5 Comparison of select production vehicles
* 6 Comparison of select upcoming vehicles
* 7 List of electric motorcycles and scooters
* 8 Promotion
* 9 See also
* 10 References
* 11 External links

[edit] History
Electric scooter at the 2005 Vancouver EV gathering
Main article: History of electric motorcycles and scooters

* Late 1860s: Earliest references to electric motorcycles can be found in patents.
* 1911: Electric motorcycle available according to early Popular Mechanics article.[1]
* 2007: Li-Ion cell-powered Killacycle makes new quarter mile (400-metre) record of 7.824 seconds and 168 mph (270 km/h) in Phoenix, AZ, US at AHDRA 2007.[2]

[edit] Power source
Yamaha FC Aqel

Generally, the source of power for the electric motor has been batteries, but development in fuel cell technology has created several prototypes. Some examples are: the ENV from Intelligent Energy, Honda's scooter using the Honda FC Stack, and the Yamaha FC-AQEL. Also, petroleum hybrid-electric motorcycles are under development. Some examples are the Ecycle, and Yamaha's Gen-RYU.
[edit] Advantages and disadvantages

Electric motorcycles and scooters are rising in popularity because of higher gasoline prices. Battery technology is gradually improving making this form of transportation more practical.[3]
Stylish Eped City, Epeds Uk Ltd

Advantages of electric over gasoline power:

1. The fuel costs for electric power are approximately 25% the cost of gasoline power (US, mid-2008; see Electric car, "Running costs" for the calculation)[4]
2. Nearly silent
3. The Libert-E Xero has removable lithium ion batteries that can be charged using any 120v outlet
4. Environmental friendly (no exhausted gases at point of use)
5. Carbon tax and vehicle registration tax exemption in some countries
6. No parking/congestion charges in some countries
7. No road tax in some countries
8. Using grid power to charge batteries causes less pollution than gasoline scooters;[citation needed] the amount of emissions and residues caused depends on the sources of the electricity used.
9. No trips needed to a gas station—can be recharged at home or in charging stations. But charging or battery swapping in service stations, when needed, are faster.
10. It can be used in a V2G system.
11. Lower maintenance costs and fewer maintenance activities.
12. Can be ridden indoors.
13. More affordable than electric cars.

Electric scooters (and an electric bicycle) parked in Chengdu, China

Disadvantages:

1. Up front costs are higher than for a comparable gasoline powered motorcycle or scooter.[citation needed]
2. Shorter range before recharging.
3. Longer "fill up" or recharge time.
4. Lower maximum speed at similar price points.
5. Electric power outlets are often not conveniently located near streets or driveways. It is often difficult or impossible to bring the battery into an apartment, for example, for recharging.
6. Battery capacity can be as low as 20% on a cold winter day with -20 °C (lead battery)
7. As it is already difficult for motorcycles to be "noticed" by drivers of cars and trucks, the loss of characteristic engine noise might make riding these even more dangerous than their internal combustion engine powered counterparts.

[edit] Types
50+ mph fun-ev electric scooter

A scooter is a type of motorcycle with a step-through frame and usually with smaller wheels designed for urban transportation.
[edit] Various types of scooters

Scooters are divided into categories as per the particular niche that they are designed to operate in and speed requirements:

* Two-wheeled Vespa-styled scooters 0-60 mph (0–100 km/h)
* Two-wheeled Stand-up scooters (like a kick scooter) 0-25 mph (0–40 km/h)
* Two-wheeled, side-by-side stand-up scooters like manufactured by Segway PT 0-12 mph (0–20 km/h)
* Two-wheeled Seated scooters 0-25 mph (0–40 km/h)
* Three-wheeled standup scooters like manufactured by Zap 0-15 mph (0–25 km/h)
* Three- and four-wheeled Mobility scooter (disability riders) 0-10 mph (0–15 km/h)
* Three- and four-wheeled Seated scooters/golf carts 0-25 mph (0–40 km/h)

[edit] Electric motorcycle or electric bicycle
Electric motorcycle "Electrocat"

Two-wheeled motorcycles are generally differentiated from electric bicycles and mopeds (motorized pedal cycles) by speed, with motorcycles having greater speeds—usually greater than 30 mph (about 50 km/h). Although, this line for what constitutes a 2 wheeled motorcycle has blurred due to marketing, styling, and public opinion.

Certain models of electric bicycle take the form of scooters or small motorcycles, comprising of the standard features of common e-bikes, but with plastic or metal cladding, lighting systems; such as indicators and brake lights, and speedometers. They are however, classed as electric bicycles in most areas.
[edit] 3-wheeled motorcycles

Due to vagueness in motor vehicle laws, any three-wheeled vehicle that can travel over 31 mph (50 km/h) may be classified as a motorcycle. This classification does not depend on whether the operator is fully enclosed by a "cage" or exposed to the elements. Several automotive startup companies made their initial designs three wheeled vehicles, because the motorcycle classification does not require the same costly battery of crash safety testing as a four wheeled vehicle.

For design purposes, three wheeled vehicles are divided into 2 categories:

* 1 wheel in front and 2 in back, known as a delta design or the traditional trike (tricycle) design
* 2 wheels in front and 1 in back, known as a tadpole design.

Some three wheeled motorcycles enclose the rider in a "cabin" or cockpit. These include the Twike, Myers Motors NmG.

Some three wheeled motorcycles have independent suspension allowing the vehicle to tilt or lean, such as the Carver one.
[edit] Self-balancing unicycle

The Uno dicycle is another type of electric vehicle that is sometimes described as an electric motorcycle.[5][6]
[edit] Comparison of select production vehicles
See also: Hybrid_electric_motorcycle#Motorcycles
Split section
It has been suggested that some sections of this article be split into a new article entitled List of electric motorcycles and scooters manufacturers. (Discuss) (September 2009)
This article's factual accuracy is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page. (July 2009)
Name↓ Top Speed↓ Power↓ Cost↓ Vehicle type↓ Battery type↓ Battery life↓ Battery capacity↓ Range↓ Comments
Libert-E Xero R 30+ mph 1200w $3,000 Scooter LiPo Lithium Polymer app.5 years, 1,200 cycles or 2 year warranty on battery 20Ah 65–80 miles Libert-E Motor Models w/ removable batteries and 3-speed transmission
Quantya Strada 55+ mph depending on final drive ratio 8.5 kW (11.4 hp) @ 4000 rpm $10,700 Dual Sport LiPo Lithium Polymer app.5 years, 1,000 cycles or 2 year warranty on battery 2.3 kWh 25–30 miles Quantya Motorcycles
Brammo Enertia 60+ mph (96+ km/h) 13 kW (17 hp) @ 4500 rpm $7,995 Motorcycle 6 Lithium iron phosphate by Valence 20,000 miles (32,000 km) 3.1 kWh 50+ miles (80+ kilometres)

Currently available at select Best Buy stores and online.[7]
Xtreme Green Products 65 mph (104 km/h) 4.5 kW Hub Motor[8] $8,495 Motorcycle Lithium Ion Power Management System 7 years 60 A·h / 6 kWh Over 100 miles (Over 160 km) Review
Vectrix VX-1 62 mph (100 km/h) 20 kW[9] $8,800 Scooter Nickel metal hydride (NiMH)
provided by GP Batteries 10 years or 50,000 miles / 80,000 km 30 A·h, 3.7 kW·h 68 miles @ 25 mph (110 km @ 40 km/h) Review
Tiger Ozone Electric 1.14 HP/485 rpm N/A $1,000 Motorcycle Lead acid N/A 35 Ah. N/A More detail Designed and manufactured in Thailand.
Eped Sport/City 40 mph+ 60 v 1,200 w £1,495 Scooter 5 Crystal Technology Cells 400+ charge cycles 20 A·h 35 miles (55 km)

Epeds Wiki
E-Solex 21 mph 400W E-solex Scooter 20 miles (without extra pedalling) E-solex
Yo Speed (45 km/h) 750W Rs.35000(~$815) Scooter 80 km @ 70 kg [10]
ZAP Xebra 40 mph (65 km/h) $10,000 3 Wheel Lead acid 3 years 25 miles at 30 mph (40 km at 50 km/h) review[citation needed]
ZAP Zapino 30 mph (48 km/h) 3 kW $3,500 Scooter Lead acid (Lithium option) 38 A·h 30 miles
EVT-4000e EVT-168 40 mph (60 km/h) 1,500 W $2,900 Scooter Lead acid, 4x12 or lithium ion 1.5 – 2 years [11], 1000+ charges for lithium 50 A·h 25 to 40 miles (40 to 60 km) North American Distributor, Taiwanese Manufacturer
Io-scooter 30 mph (50 km/h) 1500W €2,630 Scooter Lead acid, 4x12 1.5 – 2 years 50 A·h 25 to 35 miles (40 to 55 km) Io-scooter
Zero X + 50 mph (80 km/h) 17.4 kW 23 HP High Power $9295 Standard $7495 Off-road Motorcycle Patent-pending lithium ion array ? 2 kWh 40 miles (64 km) 2hrs Zero Motorcycles
Zero MX + 50 mph (80 km/h) 17.4 kW 23 HP High Power $9950 Standard $8295 Off-road Motorcycle Patent-pending lithium ion array ? 2 kWh 40 miles (64 km) 2hrs Zero Motorcycles
Zero S + 67 mph (108 km/h) ? $9995 Supermoto Patent-pending lithium ion array ? 4 kWh 60 miles (97 km) Zero Motorcycles
Zero DS + 67 mph (108 km/h) ? $9995 Dual-Sport Patent-pending lithium ion array ? 4 kWh 60 miles (97 km) Zero Motorcycles
Native GPR-S 70 mph (112 km/h) 14.2 kW $8,500 Motorcycle 24 Lithium cells 2000+ charge cycles 3.3 kWh 60 miles (economy setting) Native Cycles
XM 5000Li 60 mph (96 km/h) 5.000W $6,499 Scooter 21 Lithium cells 2000+ charge cycles 60 A·h 85 miles (130 km) Review
ECPU scooter 30 mph (50 km/h) 350~500W $450(~Rs.22000) Scooter Lead acid 6 x 12 V 20 Ah 2 years 1.44 KWh 100 miles at 19 mph,70 miles at 30 mph (160 km at 32 km/h, 110 km at 45 km/h) Review
Z Electric Vehicle ZEV5700 65 mph (104 km/h) 5700 W $5895 Scooter Lithium max 60AH 10 years 3.36 KWh 54 miles at 50 mph,72 miles at 28 mph Z Electric Vehicle
[edit] Comparison of select upcoming vehicles
Name↓ Top Speed↓ Power↓ Cost↓ Vehicle type↓ Battery type↓ Battery life↓ Battery capacity↓ Range↓ Comments
Smart Cities Roboscooter [12] ?+ mph (? km/h) $? Motorcycle ? ? miles (? kilometres) ? kWh ?+ miles (?+ kilometres)

Available in ?.
VentureOne 75+ mph (120+ km/h) 40+ kW $23,000 3 Wheel Lithium-ion batteries by A123Systems 5000+ charge cycles 120 miles (about 200 km) video Available in 2010.
Aptera 2e 85 mph (135 km/h) 30 kW $27,000 3 Wheel Lithium Phosphate, unknown manufacturer N/A 13 kWh 120 miles (190 km) Production expected in Q4 2009.
EVC Volta G/T Metro 70 mph (112 km/h) 8 kW $7,995 Scooter Lithium ion N/A 8 kWh 75 miles at optimized speed Production in summer 2008.
EVC Roadking 91 mph (146 km/h) 15 kW $9,895 Scooter Lithium ion N/A 8.2 kWh 75 miles at optimized speed Production in summer 2008.
Mission One 150 mph (242 km/h) N/A $68,995 Motorcycle Lithium ion N/A 150 miles Production in 2010.
EVC X21 107 mph (171 km/h) 21 kW $10,950 Scooter Lithium ion N/A 8.2 kWh 75 miles at optimized speed Production in summer 2008.
[edit] List of electric motorcycles and scooters

See Category:Electric scooters and Category:Electric motorcycles
[edit] Promotion
Charging an electric scooter's battery, using a small charger and a regular 250 V power outlet

Premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) Liu Chao-shiuan said that the government-financed Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) will help domestic manufacturers mass-produce 100,000 electric motorcycles in four years.[13]
[edit] See also

* Electric bicycle
* Electric dragbike
* Electric vehicle
* Electric vehicle conversion
* Mobility scooter
* Scooter (motorcycle)

[edit] References

1. ^ ElectricMotorcycles.net-EM Headline News » EM History: 1911 Popular Mechanics
2. ^ KillaCycle - World’s Quickest Electric Motorcycle » Blog Archive » 7.824 @168 MPH !!!!!! at Pomona AHDRA Nov 10th
3. ^ Technology Review: Making Electric Vehicles Practical
4. ^ U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) (2000-07-12) (PDF). Federal Register Vol. 64 No. 113. U.S. GPO. http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2000_register&docid=00-14446-filed.pdf. Retrieved 2006-09-22.
5. ^ Uno described as a motorcycle
6. ^ Uno noted as a motorcycle
7. ^ Korzeniewski, Jeremy (August 28, 2009). "Enertia Now on Display in Select Best Buys, Sales Begin". Autobloggreen.com. http://green.autoblog.com/2009/08/28/enertia-now-on-display-in-select-best-buy-locations-sales-begin. Retrieved 2009-08-28.
8. ^ http://www.xgpinc.com/products/xrider.php
9. ^ http://www.vectrixeurope.com/Portal/3/Language/46/Page/16/Vectrix_Specs.aspx
10. ^ http://www.induselectrans.com/yo_speed.htm
11. ^ http://www.evt.com.tw/html/q_and_a/english/q_1.htm
12. ^ Roboscooter
13. ^ http://www.ocac.gov.tw/unit_data/unitmacro_pop.asp?no=43231

[edit] External links
Search Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Electric motorcycles
Search Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Electric scooters

* Electric cycles and electric vehicles at the Open Directory Project

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Alternative fuel vehicle
Compressed-air engine
Compressed air car · Compressed-air vehicle
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Battery electric vehicle · Electric aircraft · Electric boat · Electric car · Electric vehicle · Electric motorcycles and scooters · Hybrid electric vehicle · Motorized bicycle · Neighborhood Electric Vehicle · Plug-in electric vehicle · Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle · Solar vehicle · Wind-powered vehicle
Biofuel ICE
Alcohol fuel · Biodiesel · Biogas · Butanol fuel · Common ethanol fuel mixtures · E85 · Ethanol fuel · Flexible-fuel vehicle · Methanol economy · Methanol fuel
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Fuel cell vehicle · Hydrogen economy · Hydrogen vehicle
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Bi-fuel vehicle · Flexible-fuel vehicle · Hybrid electric vehicle · Hybrid vehicle · Multifuel · Plug-in hybrid
Documentaries
Who Killed the Electric Car?
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters"
Categories: Three-wheeled motor vehicles | Electric vehicles | Electric motorcycles | Green vehicles | Electric scooters | Motorcycle technology | Motorcycle classifications | Vehicles | Future products
Hidden categories: Articles needing cleanup from May 2010 | All pages needing cleanup | Wikipedia introduction cleanup from May 2010 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 | Article sections to be split from September 2009 | Articles to be split from September 2009 | All articles to be split | Accuracy disputes from July 2009 | All accuracy disputes | Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008
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Wikipedia:Manual of Style (lead section)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This guideline is a part of the English Wikipedia's Manual of Style. Use common sense in applying it; it will have occasional exceptions. Please ensure that any edits to this page reflect consensus.
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This page in a nutshell: The lead should define the topic and summarize the body of the article with appropriate weight.
Style
Manual of Style

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The lead section (also known as the introduction or the lead) of a Wikipedia article is the section before the table of contents and first heading. The lead serves both as an introduction to the article and as a summary of the important aspects of the subject of the article.

The lead should be able to stand alone as a concise overview of the article. It should define the topic, establish context, explain why the subject is interesting or notable, and summarize the most important points—including any notable controversies. The emphasis given to material in the lead should roughly reflect its importance to the topic, according to reliable, published sources, and the notability of the article's subject should usually be established in the first sentence.

While consideration should be given to creating interest in reading more of the article, the lead nonetheless should not "tease" the reader by hinting at—but not explaining—important facts that will appear later in the article. The lead should contain no more than four paragraphs, should be carefully sourced as appropriate, and should be written in a clear, accessible style to invite a reading of the full article.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Elements of the lead
* 2 Citations
* 3 Introductory text
o 3.1 Provide an accessible overview
o 3.2 Relative emphasis
o 3.3 Opening paragraph
+ 3.3.1 First sentence
+ 3.3.2 Format of the first sentence
# 3.3.2.1 Descriptive titles
# 3.3.2.2 Proper names and titles
# 3.3.2.3 Biographies
# 3.3.2.4 Abbreviations and synonyms
# 3.3.2.5 Foreign language
# 3.3.2.6 Links
* 4 Biographies
* 5 Alternative names
o 5.1 Usage in first sentence
o 5.2 Separate section usage
* 6 Stubs
* 7 Length
* 8 Editing the lead section
* 9 Cleanup
* 10 See also
* 11 Notes

[edit] Elements of the lead

As explained in more detail below, the lead section may contain optional elements presented in the following order: disambiguation links (dablinks), maintenance tags, infoboxes, images, navigational boxes (navigational templates), introductory text, and table of contents, moving to the heading of the first section.

Correct Structure of Lead Section
{{Other uses}}
{{Copyedit}}
{{Rocket Infobox|name=...}}
[[File:TypicalRocket.gif|...|A typical rocket]] or {{Rocket Navigation}}
A '''rocket''' is a...
[table of contents]
== First section ==

* Disambiguation links should be the first elements of the page, before any maintenance tags, infobox or image; if a reader has reached the wrong page, they typically want to know that first. Text-only browsers and screen readers present the page sequentially. A "for topics of the same name ..." disambiguation link is sometimes put at the beginning of an article to link to another article discussing another meaning of the article title. Do not make this initial link a section. In such cases, the line should be italicized and indented using templates. A horizontal line should not be placed under this line. See also Wikipedia:Hatnote.
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* Navigational templates (also called "navigational boxes") are a collection of links used in multiple related articles to facilitate navigation between those articles. Vertical navigational boxes, sometimes called "sidebars", and horizontal navigational boxes are sometimes placed in the lead, especially when no infobox is present. If an infobox is present, the navigation sidebar may be moved to either the top or bottom of any other section in the article.
* Link to parent article. In the event that the article is a sub-article (or similarly linked article), that relationship should be clearly outlined just before the opening sentence. For example, Meccan boycott of the Hashemites begins with an indented line stating:

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* Introductory text. As explained in more detail at Wikipedia:Lead section#Introductory text, all but the shortest articles should start with introductory text (the "lead"). The lead should establish significance, include mention of notable criticism or controversies, and be written in a way that makes readers want to know more. The appropriate length of the lead depends on that of the article, but should be no more than four paragraphs. The lead itself has no heading and, on pages with more than three headings, automatically appears above the table of contents, if present. See also Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles#Lead section.
* The table of contents (TOC) automatically appears on pages with more than three headings. Avoid floating the table of contents if possible, as it breaks the standard look of pages. If you must use a floated TOC, put it below the lead section in the wiki markup for consistency. Users of screen readers expect the table of contents to follow the introductory text; they will also miss any text placed between the TOC and the first heading.

[edit] Citations
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Further information: Wikipedia:Verifiability and Wikipedia:Citing sources

The lead must conform to verifiability and other policies. The verifiability policy advises that material that is challenged or likely to be challenged, and quotations, should be cited. Because the lead will usually repeat information also in the body, editors should balance the desire to avoid redundant citations in the lead with the desire to aid readers in locating sources for challengeable material. Leads are usually written at a greater level of generality than the body, and information in the lead section of non-controversial subjects is less likely to be challenged and less likely to require a source; there is not, however, an exception to citation requirements specific to leads. The necessity for citations in a lead should be determined on a case-by-case basis by editorial consensus. Complex, current, or controversial subjects may require many citations; others, few or none. Contentious material about living persons must be cited every time, regardless of the level of generality.
[edit] Introductory text
[edit] Provide an accessible overview

The lead section should briefly summarize the most important points covered in an article in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article. It is even more important here than for the rest of the article that the text be accessible. Consideration should be given to creating interest in reading the whole article. (See news style and summary style.) This allows editors to avoid lengthy paragraphs and over-specific descriptions, because the reader will know that greater detail is saved for the body of the article.

In general, specialized terminology and symbols should be avoided in an introduction. Mathematical equations and formulas should not be used except in mathematics articles. Where uncommon terms are essential to describing the subject, they should be placed in context, briefly defined, and linked. The subject should be placed in a context with which many readers could be expected to be familiar. For example, rather than giving the latitude and longitude of a town, it is better to state that it is the suburb of some city, or perhaps that it provides services for the farm country of xyz county. Readers should not be dropped into the middle of the subject from the first word; they should be eased into it.
[edit] Relative emphasis

In general, the relative emphasis given to material in the lead should reflect its relative importance to the subject according to reliable sources. Significant information should not appear in the lead if it is not covered in the remainder of the article, although specific facts, such as birthdates, titles, or scientific designations will often appear in the lead only, as may certain quotations. This should not be taken to exclude information from the lead, but to include it in both the lead and body: in a well-constructed article, the relative emphasis given to information in the lead will be reflected in the rest of the text. Do not tease the reader by hinting at startling facts without describing them.
[edit] Opening paragraph
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The first paragraph of the introductory text needs to unambiguously define the topic for the reader, without being overly specific. It should establish the context in which the topic is being considered, by supplying the set of circumstances or facts that surround it. If appropriate, it should give the location and time context. Also, it must establish the boundaries of the content of the article (for example List of environmental issues is only about the effects of human activity).
[edit] First sentence

The article should begin with a declarative sentence, answering two questions for the nonspecialist reader: "What (or who) is the subject?" and "Why is this subject notable?"[1]

* If possible, the page title should be the subject of the first sentence.[2] However, if the article title is merely descriptive—such as Electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers—the title does not need to appear verbatim in the main text. Similarly, where an article title is of the type "List of ...", a clearer and more informative introduction to the list is better than verbatim repetition of the title.
* When the page title is used as the subject of the first sentence, it may appear in a slightly different form, and it may include variations, including synonyms.[3] Similarly, if the title has a parenthetical disambiguator, the disambiguator should be omitted in the text.[4]
* If its subject is amenable to definition, then the first sentence should give a concise definition: where possible, one that puts the article in context for the nonspecialist. Similarly, if the subject is a specialised term, provide the context as early as possible.[5]
* If the article is about a fictional character or place, say so.[6]
* If the page is a list, do not introduce the list as "This is a list of X" or "This list of Xs...". (See Format of the first sentence below).

[edit] Format of the first sentence
See also: WP:MOSBOLD
Shortcuts:
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Most commonly, the article's subject is stated as early as possible in the first sentence, and placed in boldface:

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Only the first occurrence of this word or term is placed in boldface.
[edit] Descriptive titles

If the page title is descriptive it does not need to appear verbatim in the main text, and even if it does it should not be in boldface. So, for example, Electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers begins with:

A dynamic loudspeaker driver's chief electrical characteristic is its electrical impedance versus frequency.

Simple descriptions such as "History of the United States" or "Timeline of prehistoric Scotland" should be bold.
[edit] Proper names and titles

If the subject of the page is normally italicized (for example, a work of art, literature, album, or ship) then its first mention should be both bold and italic text; if it is usually surrounded by quotation marks, the title should be bold but the quotation marks should not:

Las Meninas (Spanish for The Maids of Honour) is a 1656 painting by Diego Velázquez, ...

"Yesterday" is a pop song originally recorded by The Beatles for their 1965 album Help!.

[edit] Biographies
For more details on the formatting of the first sentence of biographical articles, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style (biographies).
[edit] Abbreviations and synonyms

If the subject of the page has a common abbreviation or more than one name, the abbreviation (in parentheses) and each additional name should be in boldface on its first appearance.

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye and caustic soda, is ...

[edit] Foreign language

Do not boldface foreign names not normally used in English, or variations included only to show etymology. Foreign names (including transcriptions) that use the Roman alphabet should be italicized if they are not bolded; those written in other alphabets (such as Cyrillic) should not.

Chernivtsi Oblast (Ukrainian: Чернівецька область, Chernivets’ka oblast’) is an oblast (province) in western Ukraine, bordering on Romania and Moldova.

Inuit (plural; the singular Inuk means "man" or "person") is a general term for a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions . . .

[edit] Links

Use as few links as possible before and in the bolded title. Thereafter, words used in a title may be linked to provide more detail:

Arugam Bay is a bay situated on the Indian Ocean in the dry zone of Sri Lanka's southeast coast.

[edit] Biographies
Main page: Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons

When writing about controversies in the lead of the biography of a living person, notable material should neither be suppressed nor allowed to overwhelm: always pay scrupulous attention to reliable sources. Write clinically, and let the facts speak for themselves.

Well-publicized recent events affecting an article subject, whether controversial or not, should be kept in historical perspective. What is most recent is not necessarily what is most notable: new information should be carefully balanced against old, with due weight accorded to each. When an article subject dies, the lead does not need to be radically reworked. Unless the cause of death is itself a reason for notability, a single sentence describing it is usually sufficient.
[edit] Alternative names

Although Wikipedia's naming convention guidelines recommend the use of English, there are instances where the subject of an article is best-known in English-speaking sources by its non-English name. In this case, the non-English title may be appropriate for the article. When the subject is best known by an English title, its alternative names may be included; however, the editor needs to balance the desire to maximize the information available to the reader with the need to maintain readability.
[edit] Usage in first sentence

In articles about places, people, literary and artistic works, scientific principles and concepts, and other subjects, the title can be followed in the first line by one or two alternative names in parentheses. The following are examples of names that may be included parenthetically, but this is not mandatory, and inclusion should reflect consensus.

* Archaic names, including names used before the standardization of English orthography should be clearly marked as such, i.e., (archaic: name1).
* Relevant foreign language names, such as in an article on a person who does not herself write her name in English, are encouraged.

[edit] Separate section usage

Alternatively, if there are more than two alternative names, these names can be moved to and explained in a "Names" or "Etymology" section; it is recommended that this be done if there are at least three alternate names, or there is something notable about the names themselves. Once such a section or paragraph is created, the alternative English or foreign names should not be moved back to the first line. As an exception, a local official name different from a widely accepted English name should be retained in the lead "(Foreign language: Local name; other names exist)".
See also: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)
[edit] Stubs

Where the article is a stub, a lead may not be necessary at all. Wikipedia encourages expanding stubs, but if reliably sourced information is not available, this may not be possible. Once an article has been sufficiently expanded, generally to around 400 or 500 words, editors should consider introducing section headings.
[edit] Length

The appropriate length of the lead section depends on the total length of the article. As a general guideline, the lead should be no longer than four paragraphs. The following suggestion may be useful:
Article Length Lead Length
Fewer than 15,000 characters One or two paragraphs
15,000–30,000 characters Two or three paragraphs
More than 30,000 characters Three or four paragraphs

Lead sections that reflect or expand on sections in other articles are discussed at Summary style. Journalistic conventions for lead sections are discussed at News style.
[edit] Editing the lead section

Editing the lead section can be cumbersome in long articles, because by default there is no edit link.

Registered users can override this default via:

* checkbox on Special:Preferences > Gadgets > User interface gadgets: editing called "Add an [edit] link for the lead section of a page".
* checkbox on Special:Preferences > Editing called "Enable section editing by right-clicking on section titles" (requires JavaScript)

All users can use the following:

* Another way to work around this is by clicking "edit" for any section, and in the resulting URL, replace the trailing &section=n with &section=0.
* A more cumbersome alternative is to open the entire article in the editing window by clicking on "edit this page". However, this method increases the risk of edit conflicts in popular articles, and may cause problems in some web browsers if the page being edited is too large. There are also some user-written scripts that enable you to edit section 0.

[edit] Cleanup

For a list of template messages related to the clean-up of lead sections, see Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup#Introduction. Editors are encouraged to improve leads rather than simply tagging them.
[edit] See also

* Wikipedia:Accessibility
* Wikipedia:Lead section TT first sentence content
* Wikipedia:Lead section TT first sentence format
* Wikipedia:Lead section TT text
* Wikipedia:WikiProject Introductions
* Wikipedia:Writing better articles
* Wikipedia's Good definition policy

[edit] Notes

1. ^ For example:

Amalie Emmy Noether, IPA: [ˈnøːtɐ], (23 March 1882 – 14 April 1935) was a German mathematician known for her groundbreaking contributions to abstract algebra and her contributions to theoretical physics.

This example not only tells the reader that the subject was a mathematician, it also indicates her field of expertise and work she did outside of it. The years of her birth and death provide time context. The reader who goes no further in this article already knows when she lived, what work she did, and why she is notable. (Wikipedia:Manual of Style (biographies) has more on the specific format for biography articles.)
2. ^ For example:

This Manual of Style is a style guide containing ...

not

This style guide, known as the Manual of Style, contains ...

3. ^ For example, in the article "United Kingdom":

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain, is a sovereign island country located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe.

4. ^ Thus, the article Egg (food) should start like this:

An egg is an ovum produced by ...

Not like this:

An egg (food) is an ovum produced by ...

5. ^ For example, instead of:

A trusted third party is an entity that facilitates interactions between two parties who both trust the third party.

write:

In cryptography, a trusted third party is an entity that facilitates interactions between two parties who both trust the third party.

6. ^ For example:

Homer Simpson is a fictional character in The Simpsons.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_(lead_section)"
Categories: General style guidelines | Wikipedia Manual of Style (layout)
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